General description

Lead poisoning results from the abnormal intake of lead, which inhibits mitochondrial cellular respiration and enzymes involved in heme synthesis. Lead poisoning occurs when lead accumulates in the body over time and can severely impact health, even at low levels. Children are especially vulnerable, as lead exposure can impair mental and physical development; common sources include lead-based paint and contaminated dust in older buildings. Adults exposed to inorganic lead compounds—often through occupations involving dust inhalation, such as battery manufacturing or renovation work—are also at risk of adverse health effects.

In children, lead poisoning can cause developmental delays, learning difficulties, irritability, loss of appetite, fatigue, abdominal pain, and seizures. At very high levels, it may lead to acute encephalopathy, presenting symptoms such as increased intracranial pressure, restlessness, anxiety, generalized seizures, and, in severe cases, coma or even death within days. In newborns, prenatal lead exposure can result in premature birth, low birth weight, and slowed growth.

For adults, lead poisoning can result in high blood pressure, joint and muscle pain, memory issues, headaches, mood disturbances, and reproductive issues, including reduced sperm count and risk of miscarriage. Initially, lead poisoning can be difficult to detect, as symptoms often appear only after dangerous levels have accumulated in the body, making awareness and early intervention crucial.